International society and system Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

International society and system - Essay Example This argument creates the terminology international system and international society. In a general explanation, a system refers to a way of lie dictated by laws, policies and mandatory requirements from a ruling body. On the other hand, a society refers to the cluster of persons or bodies which have together directed by the similar goal and objective. In relating to the international state of affairs, an international system is a routine created under specific international laws. In addition, these laws are creation of international leaders such as the United States of the United Kingdom. An international society refers to the ability of countries around the globe to share common wants and dislikes. The need to embrace certain laws and policies is created then countries have a voluntary urge to embrace the policies. In addition, an international society may also refer to the ability of countries to share peaceful relationships without factors such as development and power coming into play. Disregard of under developed countries have made it difficult to transition to a complete international society system. From this definition, one may point out that the two terms differ significantly. However, the most fundamental form international arrangement is determined by the suitability of it achieving international objectives. In this situation, it is obvious that an international society is most fundamental. This is because the globe is transitioning from the international system.

History of AIDS Essay Example for Free

History of AIDS Essay AIDS is a disease that destroys a person’s immune system. AIDS is a blood born pathogen. It was originally only found in gay men. This led to people calling it the â€Å"gay men disease. † They use to think that this was punishment from God for their being gay. Then researchers found out some drug users were also getting the HIV virus, which leads to AIDS, from sharing needles. After that, it was referred to as the â€Å"gay man and druggy disease. † All of the labels AIDS has been given are completely wrong; even heterosexual, sober people can get AIDS. Considering the many ways of contracting HIV/AIDS it seems foolish to limit the causes to sex and drug use. Jonathan Mann wrote: We do not know how many people developed AIDS in the 1970s, or indeed in the years before. We do now know that the origin of AIDS and the virus HIV was probably in Africa. What we also know is: â€Å"The dominant feature of this first period was silence for the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) was unknown and transmission was not accompanied by signs or symptoms salient enough to be noticed. While rare, sporadic case reports of AIDS and sero-archaeological studies have documented human infections with HIV prior to 1970, available data suggest that the current pandemic started in the mid- to late 1970s. By 1980, HIV has spread to at least five continents (North America, South America, Europe, Africa, and Australia). During this period of silence, spread was unchecked by awareness or any preventive action and approximately 100,000-300,000 persons may have been infected. (qtd in â€Å"History†) The first awareness of AIDS was in June of 1981, when they found traces of PCP in five men in Los Angeles, California. This event occured when they believed only gay men could get the disease, so they were not worried about it spreading to heterosexual people. This was all also before the method of transmission was known; they thought a person could catch it if he or she were standing to close to someone who had the disease. In December of 1981 the first cases of AIDS were reported in intravenous drug users. In 1982 AIDS was still nameless. People started calling it numerous names, such as â€Å"Gay Compromise Syndrome,† â€Å"GRID (gay-related immune deficiency),† â€Å"AID (acquired immunodeficiency disease),† â€Å"gay cancer† and â€Å"community-acquired immune dysfunction. (â€Å"History†) Later that year, reports emerged of children and transfusion recipients getting AIDS. Everyone knew this was no longer a gay related disease. Persons who may be considered at increased risk of AIDS include those with symptoms and signs suggestive of AIDS; sexual partners of AIDS patients; sexually active homosexual or bisexual men with multiple partners; Haitian entrants to the United States; present or past abusers of IV drugs; patients with hemophilia; and sexual partners of individuals at increased risk for AIDS. qtd in â€Å"History†) This was the message that CDC (Center for Disease Control) sent out when researchers discovered that AIDS was spread through body fluids. It was not until March 1983 that researchers discovered this. Between 1987 and 1992 there were many prevention groups created. ACT-UP (the AIDS Coalition to Unleash Power) was founded to attempt to end the AIDS crisis. â€Å"On April 2, 1989, Hans Verhoef, a Dutch man with AIDS, was jailed in Minnesota under the federal law banning travelers with HIV from entering the USA. †(â€Å"History†) In July of 1990, Kimberly Bergalis was infected with HIV by her dentist, David Acer. The CDC would not believe Kimberly, they didn’t think this type of infection was possible. Her father kept telling the CDC that Kimberly would not back down, thus by the end of it all the CDC supported her conclusion. Early in 1991, the CDC confirmed that the same dentist infected two other patients. In the fall of 1991 Kimberly requested mandatory HIV testing for all health care workers, so that â€Å"others don’t have to go through the hell that I have. (â€Å"History†) A few years after the CDC chose not to do the mandatory testing, Kimberly Bergalis died. In 1991 Earvin (Magic) Johnson announced that he was HIV positive; he then retired from professional sports. He wanted to use his celebrity status to educate kids about the disease. He also said, â€Å"I think sometimes we think, well, only gay people can get it – it is not going to happen to me. And here I am saying that it can happen to anyone, even me Magic Johnson. † (â€Å"History†) In 1992 the FDA(Federal Drug Administration) approved the use of two drugs combined, it was the first combination of drugs that was successful. This new drug is not a cure, but it constitutes an important addition to the expanding group of antiviral drugs currently available, including AZT and DDI, for treating people with AIDS. † stated James Mason. (â€Å"History†) On December 1, 1993, World AIDS Day, Benetton and ACT UP Paris put a giant condom (22m x 3. 5m) in the time square equivalent in Paris to raise awareness of the disease. (â€Å"History†) One of the television ads, entitle Automatic, features a condom making its way from the top drawer of a dresser across the room and into bed with a couple about to make love. The voice-over says, ‘It would be nice if latex condoms were automatics. But since they’re not using them should be. Simply because a latex condom, used consistently and correctly will prevent the spread of HIV. ’ (qtd in â€Å"History†) This was a commercial that attempted to make men wear condoms to keep the HIV virus from spreading. If a man wears a condom it will reduce the chance of the woman contracting the virus. In 1994 scientists found a medication that reduced the spread of HIV from mother to infant by two thirds. This was the first sign that mothers can decrease the spread of HIV to their children, and maybe stop it all together. In 1996, a heavyweight boxer was tested positive for HIV before a fight. This was his reaction: â€Å"I thought AIDS was something that happened to gays and drug addicts. A macho guy like me who loves ladies and super fit – he doesn’t get AIDS! † stated Tommy Morrison. (â€Å"History†) In his State of the Union address on 28th January, US president George Bush proposed spending $15 billion in combating AIDS in Africa and the Caribbean over the next 5 years. He called the scheme a great mission of rescue. This comprehensive plan will prevent 7 million new AIDS infections, treat at least 2 million people with life-extending drugs, and provide humane care for millions of people suffering from AIDS, and for children orphaned by AIDS. †-President Bush Just two days later, US Health Secretary Tommy Thompson was elected as the new chairman of the Global Fund for HIV, TB and Malaria. It was hoped this move would prevent a conflict between the Bush administration and the international health community. (qtd in â€Å"History†) Symptoms of AIDS include; heart infections, intestine infections, and other infections that are uncommon. When a person has AIDS he or she gets very uncommon infections that a healthy immune system could fight off. Since his or her immune system slowly gets destroyed he or she can’t fight off infections and viruses that most people can. The most common cause of AIDS is sexual transmission. This can be between two men, two women, or heterosexual intercourse. The second highest cause is being exposed to blood borne pathogens. This can happen from blood donations, or just having open wounds. This however cannot happen from close contact, like some people believe. The least likely way to contract the virus is from mother to child, because we now have drugs that make it so less than one percent of children will get it from their mother. AIDS is a disease that will completely destroy your immune system. It attaches to your white blood cells and keeps them from doing their job. White blood cells would normally fight off any infection that get into your body, but when the HIV virus changes to AIDS it will block the receptors from the message your brain sends saying to attack this bacteria. This means AIDS does not kill you, rather the illness AIDS won’t let your body fight kill you. There are many ways to prevent AIDS, the most effective way is abstinence. If you are not sexually active, you cannot get an STI. However, if you feel you have to have sex use a condom. Not only does it prevent unwanted birth, but it will also reduce the transmission of STIs. (â€Å"CDC†) The importance of condoms in the fight against STDs is readily apparent, whether one focuses on the past, the present or the future. But condoms clearly have not been used as widely as they must be to significantly slow the spread of infection. One solution is the greater promotion of condoms through advertising, education and public-awareness campaigns. We believe another necessary step is to improve condoms – making them more user-friendly, sexy and pleasurable. (qtd in Pinkerton) Another way to prevent the spread of AIDS is to avoid infected blood. So if you are a doctor working on an HIV positive patient, wear rubber gloves. Also, if you are HIV positive, don’t have sexual relations with multiple people, and tell them if you are going to sleep with them. The least you can do is let them know they are risking their lives. William B. Kaliher has investigated cases of venereal disease for more than twenty-five years. In the following viewpoint, Kaliher asserts that while it is mandatory for health departments to find and notify the sexual partners of patients with venereal disease, partner notification in HIV cases is not mandatory. He argues that partner notification is especially important in HIV/AIDS cases, however, as AIDS is always fatal. Without mandatory notification, he contends that those who have HIV can continue to infect other people. If people with HIV/AIDS are notified that they may be infected, they can get tested. qtd in Kaliher) In this society, two things are very clear. The government is not making decisions in the best interest of the public health. The government is also not utilizing every tax payer’s dollar; they are not doing as much to prevent the spreading of AIDS as they can do. Also another way of preventing the spread of AIDS would be to educate the people most likely to spread the disease. The health official could do this by going into the areas where drug users live, and tell them that if they share needles they are at risk of dying earlier than normal people are. They could also talk to the prostitutes in Las Vegas, the women who are with ten, fifteen, or twenty men a night. They could tell them not only are they at higher risk for spreading the disease, but they could also spread it to hundreds of other men. (Kaliher) There is no vaccine against HIV, and no cure for AIDS. The key to decreasing the spread and reducing the impact of this disease is to promote healthy behaviors that prevent infection or minimize the adverse effects of treatment. Health promotion, disease prevention, and symptom management are key components of the research conducted by the biobehavioral scientists supported by the National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR). The Institute funds both domestic and international HIV/AIDS research programs. (qtd in NINR) There are also many myths about AIDS. First of all AIDS is not just the gay men disease. Anyone can contract AIDS, and not a lot of people try to prevent spreading it. Like the saying â€Å"gay as AIDS† that statement is very inaccurate. AIDS is present in many heterosexual peoples’ lives. Also AIDS is not only in drug addicts who share needles. Someone cannot call AIDS the druggy disease or the gay men disease just because they were some of the first people to have it. The solution to the myths about AIDS is to increase awareness on all of the aspects of AIDS. People need to know that people can get AIDS from more than just sharing needles and having gay sex. People can catch AIDS from their mother when they are born or being breast fed, people can catch it from having heterosexual sex, and people can also catch it when they receive a blood donation from an infected donor.

French Essays La colonisation en Algerie

French Essays La colonisation en Algerie La colonisation en Algà ©rie. Mission civilisatriceou mission exploitative? I. Introduction- Les deux cotà ©s de largument La Franceà ©taient-elle en Algà ©rie pour apporter la chrà ©tientà © et la prospà ©rità © a cetteparcelle du continent africain, ou bien simplement pour exploiter desressources dun pays sans dà ©fense? Ceci est en effet la question. Nous sommeschargà ©s danalyser si cette colonisation, bien quelle fut forcà ©e, avait un butcivilisateur ou destructeur. Cest une question dà ©licate que nous allons tenterde rà ©soudre laide de faits historiques, opinions dhistoriens et dephilosophes, ainsi qua laide du point de vu de recul que nous avons obtenu auvingt et unià ¨me sià ¨cle. II.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Bref historique Il est important,tout dabord, de se remà ©morer certains faits historiques. La conquà ªte delAlgà ©rie dà ©buta en 1830 par le roi Charles X pour raisons de piraterie. Cenà ©tait pas une invasion objective et sans provocation comme celle, parexemple, des Amà ©riques par les Espagnols et de lInde par les Anglais. Apres lapremià ¨re expà ©dition punitive qui ne fut chargà © que de se saisir les zonescà ´tià ¨res, la France se rendit vite conte des ressources prà ©cieuses quoffraitce nouveau territoire et la situation fut irrà ©mà ©diablement changà ©e. Apres prà ¨sde quarante ans de batailles, les diffà ©rents gouvernements locaux du territoirealgà ©rien se montrà ¨rent favorables a une assimilation partielle. Cest alors quecommena la colonisation de lAlgà ©rie par la France, un expansionnisme qui nesacheva quen juillet 1962. Ce fut une occupation mouvementà ©e, secouà ©e pardeux guerres mondiales et une guerre civile entre les colonisateurs et leurscolonisà ©s. Un pays maintenant autonome et modern, lAlgà ©rie fut nà ©anmoins unpays contrà ´là © par de nombreux mouvements terroristes, surtout dans les annà ©escinquante, qui se dissolurent rà ©cemment aprà ¨s de longs pourparlers. Nous avonsdonc un pays moderne mais avec une histoire complexe, un exempleparticulià ¨rement intà ©ressant de colonisation ambiguÃÆ' « par un pouvoir europà ©en. III.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Une mission civilisatrice Tous pays colonisateurs a travers les sià ¨cles occupà ¨rentdes pays à ©trangers en professant un but trà ¨s clair; apporter la civilisation aubarbares. Mà ªme si de, nos jours, nous pouvons analyser les intentions derrià ¨reces excuses, les progrà ¨s en mesure dà ©ducation, dorganisation gouvernementaleet de dà ©veloppements à ©conomiques et culturels sont indà ©niables. Quelques lignesdans les carnets personnels de Victor Hugo lui-mà ªme, sous la monarchie dejuillet, le font apparaà ®tre comme ferme partisan de la colonisation  ; ,Lacolonisation militaire doit couvrir et envelopper la colonisation civile commela muraille couvre et enveloppe la cità ©. La colonisation militaire, cest unemuraille vivante. Quel meilleur obstacle continu quun camp franais? Mettez lesoldat en avant du colon comme vous mettez un fer au bout dune lance . Considà ©rons donc tout dabord les effets positifs de lacolonisation franaise en Algà ©rie, les aspects civilisateurs de cette missionqui permirent un pays aussi grand de se dà ©velopper et de devenir un pouvoirà ©mancipà © et moderne dans le contexte politique actuel. Premià ¨rement, la Francedivisa lAlgà ©rie en provinces et en communes, instaurant la structure à ©laborà ©epour la France par Napolà ©on, organisant le pays pour une meilleure rà ©gence.Ceci unifia en un à ©norme territoire un pays qui, jusqualors, ne fut quuneagglomà ©ration confuse de tribus qui ne communiquaient pas entre elles, quinavaient pas didentità © nationale. Un dà ©veloppement à ©conomique accà ©là ©rà © fut à ©galement unaspect de la colonisation qui profite lAlgà ©rie moderne. Loccupation franaisepermis de fortifier le pays à ©conomiquement en à ©duquant, comme le systà ¨medà ©ducation franais  lavait fait en Tunisie et au Maroc, une partie de lapopulation pour des formations dà ©ducateurs et dingà ©nieurs. Cette classeà ©duquà ©e pu, aprà ¨s lindà ©pendance, continuer lextension à ©conomique de leurpays. Le pays pris connaissance de ses ressources naturelles et desdispositions furent prises pour les exploiter. La langue officielle à ©tait lArabe mais la languediplomatique vite devint le Franais. La loi du 26 avril 1968 aprà ¨slindà ©pendance rendue la connaissance de lArabe obligatoire pour lesfonctionnaires. Daprà ¨s le Cite du Continent Africain, aujourdhui, la majorità ©des Algà ©riens sont arabophones dans une proportion de 72%, mais cette pà ©riodedoccupation permis bel et bien au peuple algà ©rien de devenir bilingue. De pairavec linsertion de la langue franaise, la colonisation de LAfrique du Nordpar la France permis le dà ©veloppement dune culture franco-algà ©rienne unique.Là ©ducation francophone eue un autre aspect positif dans le dà ©veloppement de laconscience algà ©rienne vis a vis du reste du monde les notions de peuple,didentità © et de nationalisme qui, ultimement, servirent la libà ©ration delAlgà ©rie, furent inculquà ©es aux enfants algà ©riens qui devirent la gà ©nà ©rationindà ©pendantiste. IV. Une mission exploitative Nous allons maintenant examiner les aspects exploitatifs dela colonisation algà ©rienne par la France, car mà ªme aprà ¨s lexposition desaspects civilisateurs de cet impà ©rialisme, il est impossible dignorer lesprofonds changements nà ©gatifs quapportà ¨rent la conquà ªte franaise nonseulement à ©conomiquement, mais à ©galement concernant le mode de vie algà ©rien. Comme lexplique tout dabord Mohammed Harbi danslinterview   LAlgà ©rie malade de son passà ©?  , non seulement lespetites tribus rurales algà ©riennes on perdu leur richesse culturelle pour causede la colonisation franaise, mais la reconstruction du pays fut rà ©servà ©e a uneà ©lite culturelle blanche  ;   Les relations tribales ont à ©tà © brisà ©es,les ruraux ont perdu leur identità © et leur richesse. Par ailleurs, a ladiffà ©rence de ce qui sest passà © en Tunisie et au Maroc, la France limitalà ©mergence de cadres pouvant reprà ©senter là ©gitimement  la socià ©tà ©.   Nous voyons ainsile dà ©veloppement inexorable dà ¨s 1830 de la pauvretà © des indigà ¨nescomparà ©e la prospà ©rità © presque illimità ©e des colonisateurs. Mà ªme aprà ¨slindà ©pendance en 1962, cest une à ©lite algà ©rienne, exclusivement citadine,à ©duquà ©e le plus souvent a Paris qui, une fois de plus, dirigea le pays audà ©triment des minorità ©s ethniques du s ud du pays. Similairement, pendant queles franais et autres europà ©ens   occupaient les villes et les meilleuresterres, disposaient dà ©coles, de routes et de services publics efficaces,lAlgà ©rie musulmane habitait les bidonvilles   et devaient se satisfairedes moins bonnes terres ainsi que de pires emplois au service de leurscolonisateurs. Nous savons ceci daprà ¨s les faits historiques, mais il estaussi vrais que certains colons traità ¨rent leurs ouvriers algà ©riens dignementet avec respects. Ces franais qui virent dinstaller en Algà ©rie avec leurfamille et refusà ¨rent de quitter leurs terres avant et mà ªme aprà ¨s la guerrecivile furent souvent rituellement massacres. De plus, la situation politique est restà ©e trà ¨s tendue etviolente aprà ¨s lindà ©pendance. Les historiens et philosophes actuels, commeGeorges Hardy dans son livre Histoire Sociale de la colonisation franaise,ne cessent de se demander si lAlgà ©rie a tellement lhabitude de se battrecontre des forces doccupations quelle ne sait pas sarrà ªter. La colonisationa t-elle laissà © derrià ¨re elle un là ¨gue de violence? Les partis nationalistes duFLN (Front de Libà ©ration Nationale) et de lUDMA (Union Dà ©mocratique duManifeste Algà ©rien) furent trà ¨s actifs entre 1954 et 1999, dà ©chirant le paysavec de conflits politiques dans lesquelles les France ne pouvait là ©gitimementprendre parti ou se mà ªler. La France imposa en 1887 a LAlgà ©rie, ainsi qua toutes sescolonies, le Code de lIndigà ©nat. Daprà ¨s Fà ©licien Callaye dans Le livrenoir du colonialisme, le code dà ©pouillait les colonisà ©s franais de leurslibertà ©s, linterdiction de circuler la nuit par exemple. Ce code distinguaitaussi deux catà ©gories de citoyens; ceux de souche et les sujets. De mà ªme,nous avons en effet dà ©j commentà © sur le fait que la langue franaise devint lalangue officielle, poussant ainsi tout algà ©rien a devenir bilingue, mains nousnavons pas encore observà © que cette langue devint quasi-exclusive danslAdministration, lenseignement ainsi que laffichage. Une loi franaise en1938 dà ©clara mà ªme lArabe comme à ©tant une langue à ©trangà ¨re en Algà ©rie. Ceci estun exemple classique dimposition de culture. Le dernier cas dexploitation, et peu à ªtre le plus connucar il est le plus rà ©cent, fut le recrutement dindigà ¨nes en masse pendant lesPremià ¨re de Deuxià ¨me Guerres Mondiales.   Lors de la Premià ¨re Guerremondiale, le recrutement indigà ¨ne fournit 173 000 militaires Au mà ªme moment,quelque 119 000   travailleurs   Algà ©riens vinrent travailler enmà ©tropole  .Pour la seconde guerre mondiale, plus de douze mille soldats algà ©riens durenttuer pour la France. Ce pays fut appelà © soutenir un combat qui nà ©tait pasmoralement le sien. Il est incroyable que, aprà ¨s tout cela, le General deGaulle du se battre pour faire comprendre aux dirigeants et au peuple franaisque lAlgà ©rie mà ©ritait son indà ©pendance. Les bà ©nà ©fices de la colonisation pour la France jusqulindà ©pendance furent à ©normes. LAlgà ©rie disposait et dispose dailleurstoujours de ressources naturelles exceptionnelles: elle est au cinquià ¨me rangdes rà ©serves mondiales de gaz naturel et possà ¨de à ©galement des grandes rà ©servesde pà ©trole. Le dà ©veloppement industriel du pays facilita lextraction de cesressources, ainsi que la facilite dobtenir de la main d-uvre payà ©e dessalaires exploitants. Daprà ¨s Gille Manceron dans sont livre Marianne et lesColonies, mà ªme les intellectuels et politiciens franais se montrà ¨rentcomplices en gardant le silence  ;   Sous la monarchie de Juillet, lesdà ©nonciations de la conquà ªte de LAlgà ©rie apparaissent assez isolà ©es. On trouveparfois une certaine rà ©probation de la violence coloniale chez les responsablesde lopposition dà ©mocrate, mais la plupart dentre eux se rallient tacitementou explicitement au projet colonial.   V. Conclusion: une mission largement exploitative Nous savons maintenant toute là ©tendue des barbarismesopà ©rà ©s pendant la guerre dAlgà ©rie par les soldats franais qui, en grandepartie, avaient reu des ordres directs de leurs gà ©nà ©raux. Les documentssecrets retenus pas la Dà ©fense Nationale viennent rà ©cemment dà ªtre renduspubliques aprà ¨s leurs cinquante ans mandataires. La prolifà ©ration de la torturede 1954 a 1962 reprà ©sente pour beaucoup lultime recours de la France pourexploiter, une dernià ¨re fois, les ressources algà ©riennes. Ceci à ©choua. Maispour beaucoup cette exploitation nest pas finie. Le gouvernement actuel dirigà ©par Abdelaziz Bouteflika rà ©Ãƒ ©lu en avril 2004 avec le soutient de Jaques Chiracest considà ©rà ©, par une grande partie de la communautà © politique nationale etinternationale, davoir truquà © les à ©lections prà ©sidentielles. La dominancedune minorità © soutenue par la France est aussi considà ©rer comme à ªtre largementresponsable de la dà ©sastreuse à ©co nomie actuelle. Louis Agooun du Croquantdà ©crit a comme   laccaparement dun pays par une minorità ©parasite. Bibliographie Agooun, Louis, LeCroquant, n  44-45, dà ©cembre 2004   Algà ©rie, la colonisationrecommencà ©e   http://www.algerie-dz.com/article1480.html. (21 janvier2005) Algà ©rie   Rà ©publique algà ©rienne dà ©mocratique et populaire.http://www.tlfq.ulaval.ca/axl/afrique/algerie.htm (10 mars 2005) Bouche, Denise, Histoire de la Colonisation franaise Tome: Flux etreflux 1815-1962, Tome 2 (Paris: Fayard, 1991) Callaye, Fà ©licien, Le livre noir du colonialisme: Souvenirs sur lacolonisation (Paris: Nuits Rouges, 1998) Charles Andrà ©, Julien, Histoire contemporaine: La conquà ªte et lesdà ©buts de la colonisation 1827-1871, Tome 1 (Paris: P.U.F., 1964) Hardy, Georges, 1884- Histoire Sociale de la Colonisation Franaise(Paris: Larose, 1953) Histoire de LAlgà ©rie   Le site du continent africain.http://www.africa-onweb.com/pays/algerie/histoire.htm. (10 mars 2005) Hugo, Victor, Oeuvres Complà ¨tes, vol. Ocà ©an(Paris  : Robert Laffont, 1985) Liauzu, Claude, Liauzu, Josette, Quand on chantait les colonies:colonisation et culture populaire de 1830 a nos jours (Paris: Syllepse,2002) Manceron, Gilles, Marianne et les Colonies, une introduction aLHistorie coloniale de la France (Paris: Editions La Dà ©couverte, 2003) The Concise Oxford French Dictionary, ed.by Abel Chevally (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1934) Tolotti, Sandrine,   LAlgà ©rie malade de son passà ©? Entretien avecMohammed Harbi et Ahmed Dahmani   La Tribune, 17 mars 2004

John Grisham :: essays research papers

Dear Yearbook committee, I received your invitation to the class reunion of the UM graduating class of 1981. I am overjoyed to see you all again, and I also accept your invitation to speak at the opening ceremony. As per your request of an autobiography, I wrote a short synopsis of what I feel has affected my writing the most. Hopefully, this will fit in well enough with your scheme for the reunion book. I hope you enjoy. Each one of us has a different road to take, and what we do before and after we make our decisions determine whom we are. So, I hope that I can assist you in assessing me and my writings through this paper, and, thus, I can help you see not only me, John Grisham the writer, but also me, John Grisham the man. I was borne in Jonesboro, Arkansas on February 8th, 1955 (www.randomhouse.com/features/grisham/). My family was relatively large, and, unfortunately for us, we were rather poor, but we were never really knowledgeable about it. We were always happy, bouncing, and hyper children. We wouldn’t stay in one town for a large amount of time. We would go to multiple towns for my father, who was in search of a stable carpentry job. At each stop, we would set our valuables down wherever we may be staying and then my mother would take us to the local library. We’d each get our own library card and 3 or 4 books (Pringle 1). Our education came before everything else in my parents’ eyes. Ultimately, we settled in a little town in Mississippi. I didn’t really care for writing very much, but my real passion was baseball. Education didn’t really rank high on my list, despite my parents best efforts. One of my language arts teachers later said that she saw promise in me but I didn’t want to develop it. I would occasionally read classic authors. My personal favorite was John Steinbeck. After high school, I then went to Mississippi State and attempted to become a professional baseball player. After I realized that I didn’t have what it took to make it in professional baseball got a degree in accounting (Jebb 1). I then married my sweetheart Renee Jones from my hometown in Southaven, Mississippi. We had two children who are now 20(Ty) and 18(Shea) and bought a wonderful house on the outskirts of Southaven. John Grisham :: essays research papers Dear Yearbook committee, I received your invitation to the class reunion of the UM graduating class of 1981. I am overjoyed to see you all again, and I also accept your invitation to speak at the opening ceremony. As per your request of an autobiography, I wrote a short synopsis of what I feel has affected my writing the most. Hopefully, this will fit in well enough with your scheme for the reunion book. I hope you enjoy. Each one of us has a different road to take, and what we do before and after we make our decisions determine whom we are. So, I hope that I can assist you in assessing me and my writings through this paper, and, thus, I can help you see not only me, John Grisham the writer, but also me, John Grisham the man. I was borne in Jonesboro, Arkansas on February 8th, 1955 (www.randomhouse.com/features/grisham/). My family was relatively large, and, unfortunately for us, we were rather poor, but we were never really knowledgeable about it. We were always happy, bouncing, and hyper children. We wouldn’t stay in one town for a large amount of time. We would go to multiple towns for my father, who was in search of a stable carpentry job. At each stop, we would set our valuables down wherever we may be staying and then my mother would take us to the local library. We’d each get our own library card and 3 or 4 books (Pringle 1). Our education came before everything else in my parents’ eyes. Ultimately, we settled in a little town in Mississippi. I didn’t really care for writing very much, but my real passion was baseball. Education didn’t really rank high on my list, despite my parents best efforts. One of my language arts teachers later said that she saw promise in me but I didn’t want to develop it. I would occasionally read classic authors. My personal favorite was John Steinbeck. After high school, I then went to Mississippi State and attempted to become a professional baseball player. After I realized that I didn’t have what it took to make it in professional baseball got a degree in accounting (Jebb 1). I then married my sweetheart Renee Jones from my hometown in Southaven, Mississippi. We had two children who are now 20(Ty) and 18(Shea) and bought a wonderful house on the outskirts of Southaven.

Article Review Draft

I am reviewing literature that relates to my research topic of how the Information genealogy affects the employment rate in the logistics field. I have assembled 16 individual books, articles, and or sources that will support me in my research of my hypothesis. My goal of this review is to properly order and summarize the data have accumulated, and to determine areas in which further research and focus is required (Crewel, 2014). The first article that is going to be absolutely critical to my research is the Bureau of Labor Statistics (2015) Occupational employment statistics estimates.This isn't an article but more specifically a database of information collected by U. S. Overpayment organizations in order to calculate nationwide employment rates. The data is collected on a monthly basis by the U. S. Census Bureau and from a sampling Of sixty thousand households. The employment databases goes back to 1942, however for purposes of my study I will just use recent information from the last 10-15 years. While this data is subjective, it offers strong set of supporting historical employment trends in logistics career fields, and is the current standard in U. S. Employment information (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2015). In a research article by (Anderson, German, & Scrum, 1 997), the authors look to provide empirical research into the impacts of downsizing or reducing the amount of employees on logistics performance. Two main conclusions are reached; companies that have reduced their logistics workforce have a perception of improved logistics performance but in reality they have the same indicators as firms that have not reduced their workforce. The other conclusion is the reduction of workforce contributes greatly to the lack of loyalty, decreased moral, and vastly increased stress levels.This article provides interesting argument that tit firms striving to reduce employee number totals; reduction equally increases negative aspects as well. The article (Jackson, 20 01 ) clarifies the beginning of the Internet age and details what and when it came into existence, as we know it today. The development of the Internet was a collaborative team research effort created in U. S. Governmental agencies around 1960. The Internet was not a viable option for civilian society until 1990. This article will allow me to accurately focus on the proper time frame of Internet availability to the logistics community.I will not rely solely on the information in this article and back up the findings of this article with the data in a similar Internet origin articles. Additionally this article makes clear that the many supporting technologies and infrastructure developments positively contributed to the advent of the Internet. In the article by (Laser, 2004), he explores the ways and methods that the Internet, computers, and software with communications affect logistics and specifically transportation. This study confirms the vast importance of technology in revoluti onize modern logistics areas.One important aspect of this particular article is the mint that no matter the technological innovation, location still drives transportation speed, timeliness and efficacy. I can utilize this important realization with other aspects of research and technology application and ensure my internal bias is reduced. The key takeaway I came away with is that no matter how much information or data is improved the location and distance of transporting goods and materials will always persist. The article One on One by (Roberts, 2004) is an interview with the vice president of the company Oracle, Greg Tennyson.This interview captures the strategies ND leveraging of technologies in order to increase profitability of logistics operations within the realm of shipping raw materials globally. Specifically useful to my research is the discussion of â€Å"offspring† logistics operations. â€Å"Offspring† is described as transitioning logistics operations fr om the L] . S. To overseas markets, which offer vastly cheaper labor and trade restrictions. India is a primary market utilized by Oracle in this article. I believe that the perspective of cheaper overseas labor cannot be mistaken for the advances in informational technologies.This article will further reduction of y bias by tempering it with different empirical data supporting a theory that labor reductions in logistics may be due to cheaper labor in different regions of the globe. Despite the increase of offspring, the article still reiterates the central importance of communications technologies in order to synchronize the complex and intricate global transactions. The article from (Atkinson, 1 999) discusses the usage of communications and web-based technologies in order to develop logistics cost savings.The specific technology discussed in this article is Collaborative, Planning, Forecasting and Replenishment (CUFF). CUFF is the Internet based communications business solution u tilized by many fortune 500 companies today including Wall-Mart. The article details the successes of this technology from a cost savings perspective. The key point of this study in relation to my research is the importance of communications, not only externally to a logistics company, but internal as well. Communication enables timely delivery of information and ensures needs are forecasted and met.Technology and automation coupled with advanced communications technology is integral with the future Of logistics. In another article from (Atkinson, 1999), the author cuisses the expansion of the Internet in the logistics sector and the development and maturation of E-commerce. E-commerce is commerce that takes place between two or more organizations electronically. Early on in the inception of the Internet, many logistics companies were reticent to employ Internet based technologies in fear of security issues.Those companies that mastered the web-based technologies were rewarded by re duction in costs and labor efficiencies. The main learning point of this article is the fact that it correlates using technology and the Internet with reducing labor forces and Ewing more productive with less people employed. With the article by (McGovern, 1998), it is undeniable that the Internet is a crucial area for growth in logistics sectors. The only argument about the Internet as it pertains to the logistics industry is how to apply and utilize it in the best manner possible.The main issue with this article in regards to my research is the fact that it pertains mainly to visibility and communication and does not include hard data with employment statistics. While can use the perspective and insight provided additional support with numerical data will be more relevant to use in my study. I can always use and improve upon the information provided in this study. The article is quite old (1998) in reference to the subject of my research.I will be able to use all information here as either pre or post Internet and in that way even older articles can provide much-needed context. With infill article by (Williams, 2001) he provides additional support to the origins of the Internet. This article analyzes three components of logistics, inventory control, order processing and transportation. The Internet impacts all three areas in positive ways in the article. One area this article could be of more assistance to my research reports is again more usage of empirical data and numerical figures on employment and how that relates to performance.In conclusion the articles summarized together present a consistent gap of research in regards to how informational technologies impact the employment of logistics employees. I believe can utilize the data surveys from the Bureau of Labor Statistics and incorporate supporting documentation to identify that informational technologies did and continue to reduce employment opportunities within the united States of America. Can cont inue to refine my literature or more clearly define the scope of my research question in order o synchronize the availability of research available at this time.

Final Paper Identity

Final Paper Identity Final Paper Identity Brandon Boyd Mrs. Rassool March 30, 2015 English 096 Being Successful Many people in the world strive for success. The definition of success is the accomplishment of one's goals. To attain success, it won't always go as planned because it is hard and it takes a lot of work to attain success in what ever you're trying to become successful at. Many factors come into play when trying to become successful, but none more than identity. Success for people who work in the business industry is hard to come, especially for people with different identities than the person in charge. In What the Dog Saw by Malcom Gladwell, identity plays a huge role throughout all the short stories in this book. In the Art of Failure, Gladwell, talks about how people choke or panic, and the difference between the two. Those can play in part in how identity affects one’s success because athletes or anybody can choke or panic in trying to reach their goals. Identity can affect one's success in a business atmosphere because of his or her race, gender, age, or even one's belie fs or religion. In the Art of Failure, many athletes, pilots, or anyone in a stressful situation seem to panic or choke. Human beings sometimes falter under pressure. Pilots crash and divers drown. Under the glare of competition, basketball players cannot find the basket and golfers cannot find the pin. When that happens, we say variously that people have â€Å"panicked† or, to use the sports colloquialism, â€Å"choked.† Choking sounds like a vague and all-encompassing term, yet it describes a very specific kind of failure. For example, psychologists often use a primitive video game to test motor skills. They’ll sit you in front of a computer with a screen that shows four boxes in a row, and a keyboard that has four corresponding buttons in a row. One at a time, x’s start to appear in the boxes on the screen, and you are told that every time this happens you are to push the key corresponding to the box. According to Daniel Willingham, a psychologist at the University of Virginia, if you’re told ahead of time about the pattern in which those x’s will appear, your reaction time in hitting the right key will improve dramatically. You’ll play the game very carefully for a few rounds, until you’ve learned the sequence, and then you’ll get faster and faster. Willingham calls this â€Å"explicit learning.† But suppose you’re not told that the xà ¢â‚¬â„¢s appear in a regular sequence, and even after playing the game for a while you’re not aware that there is a pattern. You’ll still get faster: you’ll learn the sequence unconsciously. Willingham calls that â€Å"implicit learning†Ã¢â‚¬â€œlearning that takes place outside of awareness. These two learning systems are quite separate, based in different parts of the brain. Willingham says that when you are first taught something–say, how to hit a backhand or an overhead forehand–you think it through in a very deliberate, mechanical manner. But as you get better the implicit system takes over: you start to hit a backhand fluidly, without thinking. The basal ganglia, where implicit learning partially resides, are concerned with force and timing, and when that system kicks in you begin to develop touch and accuracy, the ability to hit a drop shot or place a serve at a hundred miles per hour. â€Å"This is something that is going to happen g radually,† Willingham says. â€Å"You hit several thousand forehands, after a while you may still be attending to it. In the end, you don’t really notice what your hand is doing at all.† Under conditions of stress, however, the explicit system sometimes takes over. That’s what it means to choke. That’s what it means to choke. Panicking however, is much different than choking. Panic also causes what psychologists call perceptual narrowing. In one study, from the early seventies, a group of subjects were asked to perform a visual acuity task while undergoing what they thought was a sixty-foot dive in a pressure chamber. At the same time, they were asked