Australian Social Security system essays

Australian Social Security system essays The Australian social security system has been in place for many years. Its purpose is much like other social security systems throughout the world. The system provides financial payments to those who are aged out of the workforce as well as those who are disabled and cannot work. The original social security system began in 1909 and its purpose was to assist lower income retirees support themselves. As history progressed the government relaxed the qualification requirements and eventually moved toward a universal system. "Australians over the age of 69 received a full age pension regardless of income, and the rules for men 65 to 69 years old and women from 60 to 69 years old were so lax that almost all of them qualified for a full age pension as well(Australia's social security system social+security+system%22+%2BAustralia "Australia's social security system helps millions of people through difficult times (when they are unemployed, or sick, or in times of crisis). The system also supports people with a disability and their careers, as well as students, parents and families with children(Australia's social social+security+system%22+%2BAustralia The system is designed to be sure there is a safety net for those who are having a difficult time supporting themselves. The history of the Australian social security system dates back many decades. During this time entitlements and rules have been added and changed to accommodate the growing need for benefits and eligibility. "2.8 million working-age Australians are on income support, over 20 per cent of all adults of working age. This has more than doubled in the last 20 years, even though there are now nearly 3 million more Many people rely on social security payments for a very long time. Lone parents who claim social security spen...

Inclusion - Both Practice and Educational Philosophy

Inclusion - Both Practice and Educational Philosophy Definition Inclusion is both a practice and a basic underpinning of modern educational philosophy. A Practice The practice of inclusion in public schools is based on the legal concept of Least Restrictive Environment (LRE) When Congress passed PL94-142, the Education for All Handicapped Children Act, it was in response to the findings of the U.S. Supreme Court in 1971 in PARC (Pennsylvania Association of Retarded Citizens) vs. the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. The decision stated that children with handicaps were protected under the Equal Protection Clause of the 14th Amendment of the U.S. Constitution. Least Restrictive Environment has come to be known, through legal challenges and due process, as that educational experience that is most like that received by non-disabled students. Districts (the Local Education Authority) are expected to offer a full spectrum of placements in the best interest of children, from full inclusion, which means receiving all instruction in the general education setting, to residential treatment,when it is in the best interest of the child, and all alternate levels of restriction have been exhausted.   It also requires that students with disabilities attend schools in their neighborhood, rather than in special schools.   Most students receive support and services in something between the two extremes, as for students with significant academic challenges, they often do the best when they receive explicit instruction in the resource room, where the difference in their skills and their need to focus are not compromised by active students.  Ã‚   The amount of time spent in a special education setting needs to be designated in their IEP, as well as being justified there. Inclusion as a Philosophy Inclusion is also an educational philosophy. Supported by research, it fosters belief that children with disabilities do better in general education settings with typically developing peers. It also advances the understanding, also supported by research, that best practices in special education, especially differentiation, provide the most success for general education as well as special education students. Unlike mainstreaming which proposed to stick students qualifying for special education in general educations to sink or swim, inclusion holds that students of broadly differing abilities can succeed with appropriate support. Although integration is sometimes used interchangeably with inclusion, it is more generally understood as the effort to bring minorities, English Language Learners and new immigrants from diverse populations, into local educational communities, and the practices that best foster smooth integration into social and cultural groups.   Certainly, good teaching is good teaching, and strategies that help integrate English Language Learners also supports students with specific learning disabilities in building and enriching language development.    Pronunciation: in-kloo-shun Also Known As: integration, inclusional (in Canada and England) Examples: The Rye, New Jersey school district has clearly demonstrated its commitment to inclusion by hiring and training extra special education teachers to co-teach in middle school and high school classrooms with general education teachers.